Ikibazo cy'Ubusabe bw'Isukura ry'Amazi Yanduye mu Bigo Bishinzwe Kubaga no Gutunganya Inyama Mbivu byo muri Shanghai

Isosiyete itunganya inyama ifite icyicaro i Shanghai yashinzwe mu 2011 kandi iherereye mu Karere ka Songjiang. Ibikorwa byayo by'ubucuruzi birimo ibikorwa byemewe nko kubaga ingurube, korora inkoko n'amatungo, gukwirakwiza ibiribwa, no gutwara imizigo mu mihanda (hatarimo ibikoresho biteza akaga). Iyi sosiyete, sosiyete y'inganda n'ubucuruzi yo muri Shanghai iherereye mu Karere ka Songjiang, ni ikigo cyigenga gikora cyane cyane ubworozi bw'ingurube. Igenzura ubworozi bune bunini bw'ingurube, ubu ifite ingurube zigera ku 5.000 zo korora, zifite ubushobozi bwo gutanga umusaruro ku mwaka w'ingurube zigera ku 100.000 ziteguye ku isoko. Byongeye kandi, iyi sosiyete ikorana n'ubuhinzi bw'ibidukikije 50 buhuza ubuhinzi bw'ibihingwa n'ubworozi bw'amatungo.

Ibigo byo kubaga no gutunganya inyama mbisi

Amazi yanduye aturuka mu ibagiro ry'ingurube aba arimo ibintu byinshi by’umwimerere n’intungamubiri. Iyo atavuwe, ateza ingaruka zikomeye ku miterere y’amazi yo mu mazi, ubutaka, ubwiza bw’umwuka, n’urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima muri rusange. Ingaruka z’ingenzi ku bidukikije ni izi zikurikira:

1. Kwanduza Amazi (ingaruka zihuse kandi zikomeye cyane)
Imyanda yo mu ibagiro ikungahaye ku binyabutabire n'intungamubiri. Iyo irekuwe mu migezi, mu biyaga, cyangwa mu bidendezi, ibice by'ibinyabuzima—nk'amaraso, ibinure, imyanda y'ibiryo—birabora bitewe na mikorobe, inzira ikoresha umwuka mwinshi wa ogisijeni (DO). Kugabanuka kwa DO bitera indwara zo kutagira umwuka, bigatera urupfu rw'ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi nk'amafi n'isambaza bitewe no kubura umwuka. Kugabanuka kwa oxygen birushaho gutuma habaho imyuka mibi—harimo hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, na mercaptans—bigatera ibara ry'amazi n'impumuro mbi, bigatuma amazi adakoreshwa mu kintu icyo ari cyo cyose.

Amazi y’imyanda kandi arimo urugero rwo hejuru rwa azote (N) na fosifore (P). Iyo yinjiye mu mazi, izi ntungamubiri zitera gukura cyane kw’ibimera n’ibimera bikomoka kuri phytoplankton, bigatuma habaho indabyo z’ibimera cyangwa amazi atukura. Gushira kw’ibimera byapfuye nyuma y’aho bigabanya umwuka wa ogisijeni, bigahungabanya urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi. Amazi ya Eutrophic agira ubuziranenge bubi kandi ntabe akwiriye kunyobwa, kuhira cyangwa gukoreshwa mu nganda.

Byongeye kandi, imyanda ishobora kuba irimo udukoko duto dutera indwara—harimo bagiteri, virusi, n'amagi y'udukoko (urugero, Escherichia coli na Salmonella)—dukomoka mu mara n'imyanda y'inyamaswa. Utu dukoko dushobora gukwirakwira binyuze mu mazi atemba, tukanduza amasoko y'amazi yo munsi y'amazi, twongera ibyago byo kwandura indwara zo mu bwoko bwa zoonotic, kandi tukabangamira ubuzima bw'abaturage.

2. Kwanduza ubutaka
Iyo amazi yanduye asutswe ku butaka cyangwa agakoreshwa mu kuhira, ibintu bikomeye n'ibinure bishobora kuziba imyenge y'ubutaka, bigahungabanya imiterere y'ubutaka, bigagabanya ubushobozi bwo kwinjira mu butaka, kandi bikabangamira iterambere ry'imizi. Kuba hari imiti yica udukoko, isabune, n'ibyuma biremereye (urugero, umuringa na zinc) biva mu biryo by'amatungo bishobora kwirundanya mu butaka uko igihe kigenda gihita, bigahindura imiterere yabyo ya fizikiki, bigatera umunyu cyangwa uburozi, kandi bigatuma ubutaka butaberanye n'ubuhinzi. Azote nyinshi na fosifore birenze ubushobozi bwo gufata imyaka bishobora kwangiza ibimera ("gutwika ifumbire") kandi bishobora no kwinjirira mu mazi yo munsi y'ubutaka, bigatera ibyago byo kwandura.

3. Ihumana ry'ikirere
Mu gihe cy’umwuka udafite umwuka uhagije, kwangirika kw’amazi mabi bitanga imyuka mibi kandi yangiza nka hydrogen sulfide (H₂S, irangwa n’impumuro y’igi ryaboze), ammonia (NH₃), amine, na mercaptan. Iyi myuka ntitera impumuro mbi gusa ku baturage bo hafi aho ahubwo inateza ibyago ku buzima; H₂S nyinshi ni uburozi kandi ishobora kwica. Byongeye kandi, methane (CH₄), imyuka ikomeye ihumanya ikirere ifite ubushobozi bwo gushyuha ku isi inshuro zirenga makumyabiri z’umwuka wa karuboni, ikorwa mu gihe cyo gusya umwuka udafite umwuka, bigatuma habaho impinduka mu mihindagurikire y’ikirere.

isesengura ry'ikenewe rya ogisijeni mu binyabutabire (COD)

Mu Bushinwa, amazi yanduye yo mu ibagiro agenzurwa hakurikijwe uburyo bw'uruhushya rusaba kubahiriza imipaka yemewe yo gusohora imyuka ihumanya. Ibigo bigomba gukurikiza cyane amabwiriza y'uruhushya rwo gusohora imyuka ihumanya kandi byujuje ibisabwa na "Ibipimo ngenderwaho by'amazi yanduye mu nganda zitunganya inyama" (GB 13457-92), ndetse n'amahame yose yo mu gace ashobora kuba akomeye kurushaho.

Iyubahirizwa ry’amahame agenga isohoka ry’amazi rigenzurwa binyuze mu gukurikirana buri gihe ibipimo bitanu by’ingenzi: ubwinshi bw’umwuka wa ogisijeni mu binyabutabire (COD), azote ya ammonia (NH₃-N), fosifore yose (TP), azote yose (TN), na pH. Ibi bipimo bikoreshwa nk'ibipimo ngenderwaho mu gusuzuma imikorere y’ibikorwa byo gutunganya amazi yanduye—harimo gusiga amazi mu mazi, gutandukanya amavuta, kuvura indwara za bagiteri, gukuraho intungamubiri, no kwica udukoko—bigatuma habaho impinduka ku gihe kugira ngo habeho isohoka ry’amazi rihamye kandi rikurikije amategeko.

- Gukenera ogisijeni mu binyabutabire (COD):COD ipima ingano yose y’ibintu bikomoka ku bimera bishobora gukaraba mu mazi. Agaciro ka COD kari hejuru kagaragaza ko hari umwanda mwinshi w’ibinyabuzima. Amazi yanduye yo mu ibagiro, arimo amaraso, ibinure, poroteyine, n’imyanda, akunze kugaragaza ingano ya COD iri hagati ya 2.000 na 8.000 mg/L cyangwa irenga. Gukurikirana COD ni ingenzi mu gusuzuma uburyo bwo gukuraho imizigo y’ibinyabuzima no kwemeza ko uburyo bwo gutunganya amazi yanduye bukora neza mu buryo bwemewe n’ibidukikije.

- Azote ya Ammonia (NH₃-N): Iyi parametre igaragaza ubwinshi bwa ammonia yigenga (NH₃) na ammonia yigenga (NH₄⁺) mu mazi. Nitrification ya ammonia ikoresha ogisijeni ishongeshejwe cyane kandi ishobora gutuma ogisijeni igabanuka. Ammonia yigenga ni uburozi bukomeye ku binyabuzima byo mu mazi ndetse no mu gihe kiri hasi. Byongeye kandi, ammonia ikora nk'isoko y'intungamubiri zo gukura kw'ibimera, igatera ubwiyongere bw'ibimera. Ikomoka ku gusenyuka kw'inkari, amase, na poroteyine mu mazi mabi yo mu ibagiro. Gukurikirana NH₃-N bireba imikorere myiza ya nitrification na denitrification kandi bigabanya ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije n'ubuzima.

- Azote yose (TN) na Fosifore yose (TP):TN ihagarariye amoko yose ya azote (ammoniya, nitrate, nitrite, azote y’umwimerere), mu gihe TP ikubiyemo ibintu byose bya fosifore. Byombi ni byo bituma habaho eutrophication. Iyo yoherejwe mu mazi agenda buhoro nk'ibiyaga, ibigega, n'imigezi, imyanda ikungahaye kuri azote na fosifore itera gukura kw'ibimera by'ibimera - kimwe no gufumbira ibimera by'ibimera - bigatuma ibimera by'ibimera bikura. Amabwiriza agezweho y'amazi mabi ashyiraho imipaka ikomeye ku bimera bya TN na TP. Gukurikirana ibi bipimo bisuzuma uburyo ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryo gukuraho intungamubiri rifasha mu gukumira kwangirika kw'urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima.

- Agaciro ka pH:pH igaragaza aside cyangwa alkali mu mazi. Inyinshi mu binyabuzima byo mu mazi biguma mu rugero ruto rwa pH (ubusanzwe hagati ya 6–9). Imyanda irimo aside cyangwa alkali nyinshi ishobora kwangiza ubuzima bwo mu mazi no guhungabanya ibidukikije. Ku nganda zitunganya amazi yanduye, kubungabunga pH ikwiye ni ingenzi kugira ngo ibikorwa byo gutunganya amazi yanduye birusheho gukora neza. Gukurikirana pH buri gihe bishyigikira uburyo ibintu bihagaze neza no kubahiriza amategeko.

Iyi kompanyi yashyize ibikoresho bikurikira byo kugenzura kuri interineti bivuye kuri Boqu Instruments ku isoko ryayo rikuru risohora ibicuruzwa:
- CODG-3000 Kuri Interineti Igenzura ryikora ry’Ubutaka bwa Ogisijeni mu buryo bwikora
- NHNG-3010 Ammonia azote kuri interineti yikora
- TPG-3030 Total Fosforuus Online Automatic Analyzer
- TNG-3020 Isesengura ryikora rya azote yose kuri interineti rya TNG-3020
- Isesengura ryikora rya pH rya PHG-2091 kuri interineti

Igenzura ryikora rya Ammonia azote kuri interineti

Isesengura ryikora rya Fosifore Azote kuri interineti

Izi mashini zisesengura zifasha gukurikirana mu buryo butunguranye COD, azote ya amoniya, fosifore yose, azote yose, na pH mu myanda. Aya makuru yorohereza gusuzuma ihumana ry’ibikomoka ku bimera n’intungamubiri, gusuzuma ingaruka z’ibidukikije n’ubuzima rusange, no gufata ibyemezo birambuye ku ngamba zo kuvura. Byongeye kandi, bifasha kunoza inzira zo kuvura, kunoza imikorere, kugabanya ikiguzi cy’imikorere, kugabanya ingaruka ku bidukikije, no kubahiriza amategeko agenga ibidukikije ku rwego rw’igihugu no mu rwego rw’akarere.