Ni gute amazi y’umuraba apimwa?

Igihuhusi ni iki?

Ubushyuhe ni igipimo cy'ubushyuhe cyangwa ubushyuhe bw'amazi, bukunze gukoreshwa mu gusuzuma ubuziranenge bw'amazi mu bidukikije by'amazi—nk'imigezi, ibiyaga n'inyanja—ndetse no mu buryo bwo gutunganya amazi. Biterwa no kuba hari uduce duto duto, harimo ubutare, algae, plankton, n'ibindi bikomoka ku nganda, bikwirakwiza urumuri mu nkingi y'amazi.
Ubusanzwe ikirere gihinduka mu bipimo bya nephelometric turbidity units (NTU), aho agaciro kanini kagaragaza ko amazi adasobanutse neza. Iki gipimo gishingiye ku ngano y'urumuri rukwirakwijwe n'uduce duhagaze mu mazi, nk'uko bipimirwa na nephelometer. Nephelometer imurika urumuri binyuze mu gipimo maze ikamenya urumuri rukwirakwijwe n'uduce duhagaze ku nguni ya dogere 90. Agaciro ka NTU gakomeye kagaragaza ikirere gikabije, cyangwa ubushyuhe, mu mazi. Agaciro ka NTU gake kagaragaza amazi meza.
Urugero: Amazi meza ashobora kuba afite agaciro ka NTU hafi ya 0. Amazi yo kunywa, agomba kuba yujuje ibisabwa mu by’umutekano, ubusanzwe afite NTU iri munsi ya 1. Amazi afite urwego rwo hejuru rw’umwanda cyangwa uduce duto dushobora kuba dufite agaciro ka NTU kari mu magana cyangwa ibihumbi.

Kuki hagomba gupimwa ubuziranenge bw'amazi?

Ubwinshi bw'amazi mu kirere bushobora gutera ingaruka mbi nyinshi:
1） Kugabanuka k'urumuri: Ibi bibangamira fotosite mu bimera byo mu mazi, bityo bigahungabanya urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi bishingiye ku musaruro w'ibanze.
2）Kuziba kwa sisitemu zo kuyungurura: Ibintu bikomeye bimanitse bishobora kubangamira ibyuma biyungurura amazi mu nganda zisukura amazi, bikongera ikiguzi cy'imikorere no kugabanya imikorere myiza yo kuyungurura.
3）Guhuza n'imyanda: Uduce dutera umwanda akenshi tuba nk'abatwara ibintu byangiza, nk'udukoko dutera indwara, ibyuma biremereye, n'ibinyabutabire by'uburozi, bigatera ibyago ku bidukikije no ku buzima bw'abantu.
Muri make, umwanda ni ikimenyetso cy'ingenzi cyo gusuzuma ubusugire bw'amazi mu buryo bufatika, ibinyabutabire, n'ibinyabuzima, cyane cyane mu rwego rwo kugenzura ibidukikije no mu rwego rw'ubuzima rusange.
Ni iyihe ngingo ngenderwaho yo gupima ubushuhe?

Ihame ryo gupima ubushyuhe bushingiye ku gukwirakwira k'urumuri mu gihe runyura mu mazi arimo uduce duto duto. Iyo urumuri ruhuye n'utwo duce, rukwirakwira mu byerekezo bitandukanye, kandi ubukana bw'urumuri rutatanye bungana neza n'ubwinshi bw'uduce duto duhari. Ubwinshi bw'uduce duto butuma urumuri rwiyongera, bigatera ubushyuhe bwinshi.

ihame ryo gupima ubushuhe

Uburyo bushobora kugabanywamo ibice bikurikira:
Isoko y'urumuri: Urumuri, rukunze gutangwa na laser cyangwa LED, rugezwa mu mazi.
Uduce duto duto: Uko urumuri rukwirakwira mu rugero, ibintu bito bito—nk'ibimera, algae, plankton, cyangwa imyanda—bituma urumuri rukwirakwira mu byerekezo byinshi.
Gutahura urumuri rutandukanye: Anefelometer, igikoresho gikoreshwa mu gupima ubushyuhe, kimenya urumuri rutatanye ku nguni ya dogere 90 ugereranije n'urumuri rw'impanuka. Ubu buryo bwo kumenya inguni ni bwo buryo busanzwe bitewe nuko butuma burushaho kuba bwiza ku gutatana kw'uduce duto duterwa n'uduce.
Gupima Ubukana bw'Umucyo Utatanye: Ubukana bw'urumuri rutatanye burapimwa, aho ubukana bwinshi bwerekana ko hari ibice byinshi bihagaze, bityo bigatuma habaho ubushyuhe bwinshi.
Kubara ubushyuhe bw'urumuri: Ubukana bw'urumuri rwapimwe rutandukanye buhindurwamo Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU), bitanga agaciro k'imibare gasanzwe kagaragaza urwego rw'ubushyuhe.
Ni iki gipima ubushyuhe bw'amazi?

Gupima amazi ahuye n’amazi hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bipima ubushyuhe bikoresha ikoranabuhanga rya optique ni ikintu gikunze gukoreshwa cyane mu nganda zigezweho. Ubusanzwe, imashini isesengura ubushyuhe ikoreshwa mu buryo butandukanye irasabwa kugira ngo yerekane ibipimo by’igihe nyacyo, ikoreshwe mu gusukura buri gihe ibikoresho bipima ubushyuhe, kandi itange amakuru ku bipimo bidasanzwe, bityo ikemeza ko hubahirizwa amahame y’ubuziranenge bw’amazi.

Imashini ipima amazi yo mu nyanja (amazi yo mu nyanja ashobora gupimwa)

Ahantu hatandukanye ho gukorera hakenewe ibisubizo bitandukanye byo kugenzura amazi. Mu miyoboro y’amazi yo mu ngo, inganda zitunganya amazi, no mu nzira zinjira n’izisohokera amazi meza, ibipimo by’amazi byo mu bwoko bwa “metre de quantité” bifite ubuziranenge bwinshi kandi bipima buhoro cyane ni byo bikoreshwa cyane. Ibi biterwa n’uko hakenewe cyane ko amazi yo mu bwoko bwa “metre de quantité” ari make muri ibi bice. Urugero, mu bihugu byinshi, amahame agenga amazi yo mu mazi yo mu bwoko bwa “metre de quantité” agena urwego rw’amazi yo mu bwoko bwa “metre de quantité” ruri munsi ya NTU 1. Nubwo isuzuma ry’amazi yo mu bwogero ritakunze kugaragara, iyo rikozwe, risaba ko amazi yo mu bwoko bwa “metre de quantité” ari make cyane, akenshi bisaba ko hakoreshwa ibipimo by’amazi yo mu bwoko bwa “metre de quantité”.

Ibipimo byo mu bwoko bwa Turbidity Meters TBG-6188T

Ibinyuranye n'ibyo, ikoreshwa nk'inganda zitunganya amazi yanduye n'aho imyanda iva mu nganda zisohora risaba ibipimo by'amazi yanduye ahantu henshi. Amazi muri ibi bidukikije akunze kugaragaza ihindagurika rikomeye ry'amazi yanduye kandi ashobora kuba afite ingano nini y'ibintu bikomeye bihagaze, uduce twa kolloidal, cyangwa chemical precipitations. Agaciro k'amazi yanduye gakunze kurenga imipaka yo hejuru y'ibikoresho byo mu nganda zitunganya amazi yanduye. Urugero, amazi yanduye ashobora kugera kuri NTU amagana menshi, kandi na nyuma yo kuyatunganya bwa mbere, kugenzura urugero rw'amazi yanduye muri NTU mirongo biracyari ngombwa. Ibipimo by'amazi yanduye bikunze gukora ku ihame ry'ubukana bw'urumuri rutandukanye n'urwoherezwa. Bikoresheje tekiniki zo kwagura urwego ruhindagurika, ibi bikoresho bigira ubushobozi bwo gupima kuva kuri NTU 0.1 kugeza kuri NTU 4000 mugihe bigumana ubuziranenge bwa ± 2% by'ubunini bwuzuye.

Isesengura ry'Ihindagurika ry'Ingufu mu Nganda kuri Interineti

Mu nganda zihariye, nko mu rwego rw’imiti n’ibiribwa n’ibinyobwa, hakenewe cyane ibipimo by’ubuziranenge n’ubudahangarwa bw’igihe kirekire. Izi nganda zikunze gukoresha ibipimo by’ubudahangarwa bw’imirasire ibiri, birimo icyuma gipima ubudahangarwa kugira ngo gisubize ibibazo biterwa n’ihindagurika ry’inkomoko y’urumuri n’ihindagurika ry’ubushyuhe, bityo bigatuma ibipimo bihora byizewe. Urugero, ubudahangarwa bw’amazi yo guterwa bugomba kuguma munsi ya NTU ya 0.1, bigashyiraho ibisabwa bikomeye ku buryo ibikoresho bifatwa n’ubudahangarwa bw’amazi n’uburyo bidashobora kubangamira ibintu.
Byongeye kandi, hamwe n’iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga rya interineti y’ibintu (IoT), sisitemu zigezweho zo kugenzura imihindagurikire y’ikirere zigenda zirushaho kuba abanyabwenge kandi zihuzwa n’imiyoboro. Guhuza modules z’itumanaho za 4G/5G bituma amakuru y’imihindagurikire y’ikirere atangwa mu buryo bwihuse ku mbuga za internet, byoroshya igenzura ry’ikirere, gusesengura amakuru, no gutanga amakuru mu buryo bwikora. Urugero, uruganda rutunganya amazi mu mujyi rwashyizeho sisitemu y’ubwenge yo kugenzura imihindagurikire y’ikirere ihuza amakuru y’imiraba y’amazi n’uburyo bwo kugenzura ikwirakwizwa ry’amazi. Iyo hagaragaye imihindagurikire y’ikirere idasanzwe, sisitemu ihindura ingano y’imiti, bigatuma ubwiza bw’amazi buzamuka kuva kuri 98% kugeza kuri 99.5%, hamwe no kugabanuka kwa 12% mu ikoreshwa ry’imiti.
Ese turbidity ni kimwe n'ibintu byose bihagaze?

Ubushyuhe n'ibintu byose bidafite aho bihuriye (TSS) ni ibintu bifitanye isano, ariko ntabwo ari bimwe. Byombi bivuga uduce duto duto mu mazi, ariko bitandukanye mu byo bipima n'uko bipimwa.
Ubushyuhe bupima imiterere y'amazi, cyane cyane ingano y'urumuri rukwirakwizwa n'uduce duto duto. Ntabwo bupima mu buryo butaziguye ingano y'uduce, ahubwo bupima ingano y'urumuri rukumirwa cyangwa rutembanwa n'utwo duce. Ubushyuhe ntibuterwa gusa n'ubwinshi bw'uduce duto ahubwo bunaterwa n'ibintu nk'ingano, imiterere, n'amabara y'uduce duto, ndetse n'uburebure bw'urumuri rukoreshwa mu gupima.

Igipimo cy'ibinyabutabire byasutswe mu nganda (TSS)

Ibinyabutabire byose bihagaze(TSS) ipima uburemere nyabwo bw'uduce duto duto mu mazi. Ipima uburemere bwose bw'ibintu bikomeye bito duto duto mu mazi, hatitawe ku miterere yabyo y'urumuri.
TSS ipimwa binyuze mu kuyungurura amazi azwi binyuze mu kayunguruzo (ubusanzwe kayunguruzo gafite uburemere buzwi). Nyuma y'uko amazi ayunguruwe, ibintu bikomeye bisigaye kuri kayunguruzo birumishwa kandi bigapimwa. Ibisubizo bigaragazwa muri miligarama kuri litiro (mg/L). TSS ifitanye isano itaziguye n'ingano y'uduce duhagaze, ariko ntabwo itanga amakuru yerekeye ingano y'uduce cyangwa uburyo uduce dukwirakwiza urumuri.
Itandukaniro ry'ingenzi:
1) Imiterere y'ibipimo:
Ubushyuhe ni imiterere y'urumuri (uburyo urumuri rukwirakwira cyangwa rucengerwamo).
TSS ni imiterere ifatika (ingano y'uduce duto duto mu mazi).
2) Icyo bapima:
Ubushyuhe butanga ikimenyetso cy'uburyo amazi ari meza cyangwa adasobanutse, ariko ntabwo butanga uburemere nyabwo bw'ibintu bikomeye.
TSS itanga igipimo cy’amazi afite ibintu bikomeye, uko bigaragara kose cyangwa se ko asa nabi.
3）Ibice:
Ubushyuhe bupimirwa muri NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units).
TSS ipimwa muri mg/L (miligarama kuri litiro).
Ese ibara n'ubushyuhe ni bimwe?

Ibara n'ubushyuhe ntabwo ari bimwe, nubwo byombi bigira ingaruka ku isura y'amazi.

Igipimo cy'amabara cy'ubuziranenge bw'amazi kuri interineti

Dore itandukaniro:
Ibara ryerekeza ku ibara cyangwa ibara ry'amazi aterwa n'ibintu byashongeshejwe, nk'ibintu bikomoka ku bimera (nk'amababi abora) cyangwa imyunyungugu (nk'icyuma cyangwa manganese). Ndetse n'amazi meza ashobora kugira ibara iyo arimo ibintu byashongeshejwe.
Ubushyuhe bivuga ubushyuhe cyangwa ubushyuhe bw'amazi buterwa n'uduce duto, nk'ibumba, ibumba, mikorobe, cyangwa ibindi bintu bito. Bipima ingano y'uduce dukwirakwiza urumuri mu mazi.
Muri make:
Ibara = ibintu byashongeshejwe
Ubushyuhe = uduce duto duhagaze